Telecommunication

What is WLAN (Wireless local area network)

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN

WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network

Understanding WLAN

A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form a local area network (LAN) within a limited area. Unlike traditional wired LANs that rely on physical cables for connectivity, WLANs use radio waves to transmit data.

Key Components of a WLAN

  • Access Point (AP): The central hub of a WLAN, connecting wireless devices to a wired network. It broadcasts a wireless signal that can be detected by compatible devices within range.
  • Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC): A network interface card installed in a wireless device that enables it to connect to a WLAN.
  • Client Devices: Any device equipped with a WNIC, such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, and IoT devices.

How WLAN Works

  1. Signal Broadcasting: The AP broadcasts a wireless signal, often referred to as a "SSID" (Service Set Identifier), which is detectable by nearby devices.
  2. Authentication: When a device wants to join the network, it sends an authentication request to the AP. This typically involves providing a password or other credentials.
  3. Association: Once authenticated, the device associates with the AP, establishing a wireless link.
  4. Data Transmission: Data is transmitted between devices using radio waves, with the AP acting as a relay point for communication within the network and with the wired network.

WLAN Standards

  • IEEE 802.11: The family of standards that define Wi-Fi technology, with various generations offering different data rates, range, and features:
    • 802.11a, b, g: Earlier standards with lower data rates.
    • 802.11n: Introduced MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) technology, significantly improving data rates and coverage.
    • 802.11ac: Further improved performance with wider channels and MU-MIMO.
    • 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6): Enhanced capacity and efficiency for dense environments.
    • 802.11ay (Wi-Fi 6E): Expanded frequency bands for additional capacity.

WLAN Topologies

  • Infrastructure Mode: The most common type, where devices connect to a central AP.
  • Ad-hoc Mode: A peer-to-peer network without a central AP, where devices connect directly to each other.

WLAN Security

  • WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access): An older security protocol.
  • WPA2: A more secure encryption standard using AES.
  • WPA3: The latest standard offering enhanced protection against hacking attacks.

Challenges and Considerations

  • Interference: Signals from other wireless devices, electronic appliances, and obstacles can degrade WLAN performance.
  • Range: Wi-Fi signals weaken over distance, limiting coverage.
  • Capacity: High density of devices can lead to network congestion.
  • Security: Implementing strong security measures is essential to protect against unauthorized access.

Conclusion

WLAN technology has revolutionized the way we connect devices and access networks. Its flexibility, mobility, and ease of deployment have made it ubiquitous in homes, offices, and public spaces. Understanding the underlying principles and standards is crucial for optimizing WLAN performance and troubleshooting issues.

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